Diclofenacsold under the trade names Voltaren among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSAID used to treat pain and inflammatory diseases such as gout. Common side effects include abdominal paingastrointestinal bleedingnausea, dizziness, diclofenac sodium market, and swelling. Trade name of diclofenac sodium market sodium market source by Ciba-Geigy and came into medical use in the United States in Diclofenac is used to treat paininflammatory disorders, and dysmenorrhea.
Inflammatory disorders may include musculoskeletal complaints, especially arthritisrheumatoid arthritispolymyositisdermatomyositisosteoarthritisdental pain, temporomandibular joint TMJ pain, spondylarthritis diclofenac, ankylosing trade name of diclofenac sodium market namegout attacks, sodium market and trade name management in cases of kidney stones and gallstones.
An additional indication is the treatment of acute migraines. Diclofenac is also available in topical forms and has been found to be useful for osteoarthritis but not sodium market types of long-term musculoskeletal pain.
It may also help with actinic keratosisand acute pain caused by minor strains, sprains, and trade name of diclofenac sodium market bruises. In many countries, [14] eye drops are sold to treat acute and chronic nonbacterial inflammation of the anterior part of the eyes e.
Diclofenac diclofenac sodium market drops have also been used to manage pain for traumatic corneal abrasion. Diclofenac is diclofenac sodium market used to treat chronic pain associated with cancerin particular if inflammation is also present Step I of the World Health Organization WHO scheme for treatment of chronic here. Dyloject diclofenac 2 is nexium for cancer for More info and IM administration.
Sintofarm diclofenac for suppository administration. Diclofenac diclofenac sodium market has been associated with significantly diclofenac sodium market vascular and coronary risk in a study including coxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen.
Ina study found major vascular events were increased by about a trade name by diclofenac, chiefly due to an increase in major coronary events. Following the identification of increased risks article source heart attacks with the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib inattention has focused on all the other members of the NSAIDs group, including diclofenac.
Research results are mixed, with a meta-analysis of papers and reports up to April suggesting a relative increased rate of heart disease of 1. Only aspirin was found not to increase the risk of heart disease; however, this is known to have a higher rate diclofenac sodium gastric ulceration than diclofenac.
In Britain the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency MHRA said in More info that the drug should not be used by people with serious underlying heart learn more trade name of diclofenac sodium market who had suffered heart failure, heart disease or a trade name were advised to stop using it completely. A subsequent large study of 74, Danish users of NSAIDs or coxibs diclofenac no additional cardiovascular risk from diclofenac use.
Another Danish study, at Aarhus Universityhas made use trade name article source Danish health registry system's data of over 1. In comparison with other NSAIDs, the short half-life of diclofenac means that sodium market supratherapeutic plasma concentration of diclofenac soon after initiation achieves not just cyclooxygenase-2 Trade namebut also COX-1 inhibition.
However, after those high levels fall, patients taking diclofenac spend a substantial period of time with unopposed COX-2 market, a state that is known to be prothromboticand also associated with blood diclofenac elevation, atherogenesisand worsening of trade name failure.
Diclofenac is similar in COX-2 selectivity to celecoxib. The primary mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatoryantipyreticand analgesic action is thought to be inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by inhibition of the transiently expressed prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 PGES-2 diclofenac sodium known as cycloxygenase-2 COX It also appears market exhibit bacteriostatic activity by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis.
Inhibition trade name of diclofenac sodium market prostaglandin synthesis occurs systemically resulting in undesirable symptoms such as irritation of the gastric epithelium.
Diclofenac inhibits COX-2 with 20 times greater potency than the constitutively expressed isoenzyme COX-1 trade name of diclofenac sodium market and has, therefore, a somewhat lower incidence of gastrointestinal trade name than noted with sodium market which inhibits COX-1 to a greater extent. The action of one single dose is much longer 6 to 8 hr than the very short 1.
This could be market because it persists for over 11 hours in synovial fluids. Some market indicates it inhibits the diclofenac sodium pathways, [ citation needed ] thus reducing formation of the leukotrienes also pro-inflammatory autacoids.
It also may inhibit phospholipase A2 as part of its mechanism sodium market action.
These additional actions may explain its high potency - it is the most potent NSAID on a broad basis. In practice, use of some COX-2 inhibitors with their adverse effects has led to massive numbers of patient family lawsuits alleging wrongful death by heart attackyet other significantly COX-selective NSAIDs, trade name of diclofenac sodium market as diclofenac, have been well tolerated by most of the population.
Besides the COX-inhibition, a number of other molecular targets of diclofenac possibly contributing click at this page its pain-relieving actions have recently been trade name of diclofenac sodium market.
Use of diclofenac for animals is controversial due to toxicity when eaten by scavenging birds that eat dead animals; the drug has been banned for veterinary use in many countries.
The mechanism is presumed to be renal failure ; [36] however, toxicity may be due to direct inhibition of uric acid secretion in vultures. At a meeting of the National Wildlife Sodium market in Marchthe Government of India announced it intended to phase out the veterinary use of diclofenac.
Steppe eagles have the same vulnerability to diclofenac as vultures and may also fall trade name market it. In many places, populations of feral dogs Canis familiaris have increased sharply from the disappearance of vultures as the main scavenger of wild and domestic ungulate carcasses. Associated with the rise in dog numbers is an increased risk of rabies " [40] and casualties of almost 50, people.
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