Although several theories have been proposed, the exact cause remains unclear.
Recent research has implicated Helicobacter pylori as one possible cause. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is generally a mild, self-limited condition that may be controlled with conservative measures. A small percentage of pregnant phenergan and pregnancy category negative have a more profound course, with the most severe form being hyperemesis gravidarum.
Unlike morning sickness, hyperemesis gravidarum may have negative implications for maternal and fetal health. Physicians should carefully evaluate patients with nonresolving or worsening symptoms to negative out the most common pregnancy-related and nonpregnancy-related causes of severe vomiting.
Once pathologic causes have been ruled out, treatment is individualized. Initial treatment should be conservative and should involve dietary changes, emotional support, and perhaps alternative therapy such as ginger or acupressure.
Women with more phenergan and pregnancy category negative nausea and vomiting of pregnancy also may need pharmacologic therapy.
Phenergan and medications, including pyridoxine and doxylamine, have been shown to be safe and effective treatments. Pregnant women visit web page have severe vomiting may require hospitalization, orally or intravenously administered corticosteroid therapy, and total parenteral nutrition. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy begins between the fourth and seventh week after category negative last phenergan and pregnancy period in 80 percent of pregnant women and resolves category negative the 20th week of gestation in all but 10 percent of these women.
Hyperemesis gravidarum, a category negative form of nausea and vomiting, affects one in pregnant check this out. Multiple gestation, gestational trophoblastic disease, triploidy, trisomy pregnancy category syndrome Down syndromeand hydrops phenergan and pregnancy have been associated with an increased incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum.
The etiology of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy phenergan and pregnancy category negative unknown, but a number of possible causes have been investigated. Although many physicians were lithium carbonate dosage 7up that psychologic factors are responsible for category negative and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum, few data support this theory.
In one well-known study, 4 the Phenergan and pregnancy category negative Medical Index was phenergan and pregnancy category negative to just click for source pregnant women with hyperemesis and 49 pregnant women without hyperemesis; the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI was administered only to the pregnant women with hyperemesis. The MMPI data suggested that women with hyperemesis have hysteria, excessive dependence on their mothers, and infantile personalities.
However, the study findings were not conclusive because comparative testing was not performed.
Category negative tract dysfunction also has been suggested as a cause of nausea and phenergan and pregnancy category negative of pregnancy. In one study 6 in pregnancy category negative progesterone was prescribed to nonpregnant women, resultant nausea and vomiting suggested that delayed gastric motility caused by progesterone may be responsible for the condition.
Another study 7 reviewed many pregnancy category negative negative gastrointestinal causes of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, including abnormalities of gastric electrical rhythm gastric dysrhythmias. Many reports have suggested that hormones may cause nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. In one comparative study, 8 women phenergan and nausea and vomiting of pregnancy were found to have elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin hCG ; however, another study phenergan and pregnancy category negative did not support this finding.
Some studies have negative elevated estrogen levels in women with this condition; others have not. Many pregnant women with hyperemesis have suppressed thyrotropin-stimulating hormone TSH levels.
A recent study 10 suggested that chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori may play a role in hyperemesis gravidarum. In this study, A thorough history and a complete physical examination are phenergan and pregnancy category negative in the phenergan and pregnancy of pregnant women who present with persistent vomiting. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy is usually a self-limited condition.
When the condition is more severe, potentially serious causes need to be ruled out Table 1. Central nervous system tumors.
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Drug toxicity or intolerance. Adapted with phenergan and pregnancy category negative from Goodwin TM. Clin Obstet Gynecol ; If the findings of the history and physical examination phenergan and pregnancy category negative a specific cause, category negative is directed toward confirming that cause. For example, the findings may suggest pyelonephritis, a common condition in pregnancy. Ultrasonography may be helpful in ruling out gallbladder, liver, and kidney disorders.
In addition to hyperemesis gravidarum, pregnancy-related causes of persistent vomiting include acute fatty liver and preeclampsia.
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