Epilepsy is a common chronic disorder that requires long-term antiepileptic drug therapy. Levetiracetam is an antiepileptic drug marketed since Its novel mechanism of action is modulation of synaptic neurotransmitter release through binding to the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A in the brain.
Its pharmacokinetic advantages include keppra uses other than seizures only if and almost complete absorption, minimal insignificant binding pristiq sleeplessness in early pregnancy plasma keppra uses other, absence of enzyme induction, absence of interactions with other drugs, and partial metabolism outside the liver.
The availability of an intravenous preparation is yet another advantage. It has been demonstrated effective as adjunctive therapy for refractory partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. In addition, it was found equivalent to controlled release carbamazepine as read more therapy for partial-onset seizures, both in efficacy and tolerability.
Its main adverse effects in randomized adjunctive trials in adults have been somnolence, asthenia, infection, and dizziness.
In children, the behavioral adverse effects of only and nervousness were keppra uses noted. Levetiracetam other than seizures an important addition to the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are the clinical manifestations including symptoms and signs of an abnormal, excessive, and hypersynchronous electrical discharge of neurons in the brain.
Thus, a seizure is a symptom. Epilepsy is a condition; it cannot be considered a disease because it can be caused by many etiologies. Epilepsy may be genetic or could be the result of a variety of insults to the brain, including head trauma, stroke, vascular malformations, or congenital brain malformations Engel Because seizures and epilepsy are very heterogeneous they have to keppra uses other than seizures only if classified.
The heart attack anacin widely used classification is that proposed by the International League Read more Epilepsy individing seizures into those that are partial and those that are generalized Commission than seizures only Partial seizures are ones in which the first clinical and electrographic changes suggest initial activation limited to part of one cerebral hemisphere.
Partial seizures are further subdivided into simple partial, complex partial and partial becoming generalized. Simple partial seizures are keppra uses other than seizures only if in which awareness and responsiveness are completely preserved.
Complex partial seizures keppra uses other than seizures only if at least an alteration of responsiveness or awareness.
Secondarily generalized seizures can start either as simple partial or complex partial, but then spread to visit web page whole brain and most often manifest towards their later part with generalized tonic and then clonic activity.
Generalized seizures are those in which the first clinical changes indicate initial involvement of both hemispheres. Consciousness keppra uses other than seizures only if usually impaired at onset, except for myoclonic seizures which are too brief for altered consciousness to be appreciated. Motor manifestations are bilateral if they occur. The initial electrographic ictal patterns here bilateral.
Generalized seizure types include generalized absence, generalized keppra uses other than seizures only if, generalized tonic, generalized clonic, generalized tonic clonic, and generalized atonic seizures.
keppra uses other than seizures only if
In addition to the classification of epileptic seizures, the International League Against Epilepsy proposed a classification keppra uses other than seizures only if epilepsies and epileptic syndromes Commission Since most patients have either partial seizure types or generalized seizure types, the two main subdivisions in the classification are partial focal, local, or localization-related psychological side effects lipitor, and generalized epilepsies.
In general, idiopathic epilepsies respond better to treatment than symptomatic epilepsies. Within keppra uses other than seizures only if epilepsy classification are epileptic syndromes that are characterized by a specific range of age at onset, specific seizure types, specific natural history or course, and specific response to treatment.
In this syndrome, the electroencephalogram Keppra uses other than seizures only if shows generalized 4—6 Hz spike-and-wave discharges in between seizures.
These patients respond well to treatment but their keppra uses other than keppra uses other than seizures only if only if is a lifelong condition Renganathan and Delanty Some forms of epilepsy are known to have a limited course, with remission expected.
For example, benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, also called benign rolandic epilepsy, is an epileptic syndrome in which keppra uses other than seizures only keppra uses other than seizures only if are usually infrequent, easily controlled, and remit at puberty Wirrell However, most epilepsies are chronic and require long-term therapy.
The treatment of epilepsy should always begin with monotherapy, using a low initial dose and titrating slowly. Among the more than sixteen marketed antiepileptic drugs approximately one half are older agents marketed beforewhile the rest were marketed after Table 1 Schachter
2018 ©